| QME | Qualified Medical Evaluator appointed by the California Division of Workers' Compensation to evaluate disputed workers' compensation injuries | Assigned from a state-issued panel; in represented cases each party strikes a name | California workers' compensation only | Yes, a state credential requiring a competency examination, qualifying education and periodic reappointment |
| AME | Agreed Medical Evaluator, a physician both sides agree to use instead of a panel QME | Both parties jointly, by stipulation in a specific case | Represented California workers' compensation cases | No, a role, not a certification. The weight comes from mutual selection, not from a separate qualification |
| IME | Independent Medical Examination by a physician not involved in the examinee's care | Requesting party, or the court, depending on the forum | Personal injury, disability, liability and insurance matters, nationwide | No, a type of examination, not a title |
| Expert witness | A retained physician who reviews evidence and offers opinions for litigation | The retaining party | Any jurisdiction, subject to that forum's expert-qualification rules | No, qualification is decided case by case by the court |